Resumen
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) es una bacteria gramnegativa que coloniza la mucosa gástrica humana y está estrechamente vinculada a enfermedades como gastritis crónica, úlcera péptica y cáncer gástrico. Desde su aislamiento en 1982 por Marshall y Warren, su implicación patogénica ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Esta revisión tipo estado del arte analiza los avances recientes sobre su morfología, epidemiología, diagnóstico, resistencia antimicrobiana e interacción inmunológica. A través de una búsqueda sistemática en bases como PubMed y BVS, se seleccionaron 32 estudios publicados desde el año 2000. Se destaca una alta prevalencia en regiones de bajos recursos, con variabilidad genética entre cepas que influye en su virulencia y resistencia. La infección puede ser mixta y su transmisión ocurre principalmente por vía oral. Se identifican importantes limitaciones en los métodos diagnósticos actuales, así como una creciente resistencia a antibióticos como metronidazol y levofloxacina. Además, se exploran factores inmunológicos y de virulencia que explican su persistencia y capacidad oncogénica. La evidencia respalda la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de diagnóstico más precisas y tratamientos personalizados según el perfil genómico de las cepas circulantes.
Citas
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