Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa and is closely linked to conditions such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Since its isolation in 1982 by Marshall and Warren, its pathogenic role has been extensively studied. This state-of-the-art review analyzes recent advances in its morphology, epidemiology, diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and immune interaction. A systematic search in databases such as PubMed and BVS yielded 32 studies published since 2000. High prevalence rates are reported in low-resource regions, with genetic variability among strains influencing virulence and antibiotic resistance. Mixed infections are common, and transmission occurs mainly via oral routes. Significant limitations are identified in current diagnostic methods, along with rising resistance to antibiotics such as metronidazole and levofloxacin. Additionally, immune and virulence factors are explored to explain its persistence and oncogenic potential. The evidence underscores the need for more accurate diagnostic tools and personalized treatments based on the genomic profile of circulating strains.
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