Keywords
Salud del adolescente
Educación sexual
Prevención de enfermedades Sexually transmitted diseases
Adolescent health
Sex education
Prevention and control
How to Cite
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases are a major public health concern for adolescent populations due to their psychological and biological vulnerability. The development of structured education programs and counseling has proven to be the most effective strategies for the control and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. These methods focus on the attitudes and risk practices necessary to delay the onset of sexual activity, reduce the number of partners, promote the consistent use of barrier methods, and conduct screenings for early STD detection and treatment. This review aims to present the different educational strategies employed worldwide to reduce the incidence of STD, as well as the ways in which these methods vary in impact as a result of their approaches, educational methods, and the specific aspects of their respective target populations.
References
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Estrategia mundial de prevención y control de enfermedades de transmisión sexual 2006 - 2015. Suiza: Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2007. [Fecha de consulta 13 de junio de 2012]. Disponible en:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789243563473_ spa.pdf
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States 2005. National Surveillance Data for Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis. 2005. [Fecha de consulta: 22 de abril de 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/std/ stats05/trends2005.htm
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Chlamydia Infection. 2007. [Fecha de consulta: 22 de abril de 2011]. Disponible en http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf07/chlamydia/chlamydiars.htm
Jhonson R, Paap J, Newhall W, Knapp JS, Black CM, Gift TL et al. Screening test to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection 2002. Center for disease control and prevention. Recommendation and report. 2002. [Fecha de consulta: 22 de abril de 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/std/labguidelines/rr5115.pdf
Maddaleno M, Morello P, Infante-Espinola F. Salud y desarrollo de adolescentes y jóvenes en Latinoamérica y El Caribe: desafíos para la próxima década. Salud Pública de México. 2003; 45 Supl https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342003000700017
World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. 2005. [Fecha de consulta: 22 de abril de 2011] Disponible en: ttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502450_eng.pdf
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Situación de las Enfermedades de transmisión Sexual diferentes al VIH, Colombia 2009-2011. [Fecha de consulta: 30 de enero del 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.minsalud.gov.co/salud/Documents/observatorio_vih/documentos/monitoreo_evaluacion/1_vigilancia_salud_publica/a_situacion_epidimiologica/SITUACION%20DE%20LAS%20INFECCIONES%20DE%20TRANSMISION1.pdf
Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y salud ENDS 2010. [Fecha de consulta: 7 de diciembre del 2014] Disponible en: http://www.profamilia.org.co/encuestas/Profamilia/Profamilia/images/stories/documentos/Principales_indicadores.pdf
Miller K. Diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Am Fam Physician. 2006; 73: 1411-1416.
Ishiwata C. Sexual health education for school children in Japan: The timing and contents. JMAJ. 2011; 54 (3): 155-160.
Macbeth A, Weerakoon P, Sitharthan G. Pilot study of Australian school-based sexual health education: parent's views. Sexual Health. 2009;6: 328-333. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH09040
Crosby RA, Diclemente RJ, Wingwood GM, Lang D, Harrington KE. Value of consistent condom use: a study of sexually transmitted disease prevention among African American adolescent females. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93: 901-2. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.6.901
Paz-Bailey G, Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Pierce A, Papp J, Unger ER, et al. The effect of correct and consistent condom use on chlamydial and gonococcal infection among urban adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005; 159 (6): 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.6.536
Schuster MA, Bell RM, Berry SH, Kanouse DE. Impact of a High school condom availability program on sexual attitudes and behaviors. Fam Plann Perspect. 1998; 30 (2): 67-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/2991662
Wretzel SR, Visintainer PF, Pinkston Koenigs LM. Condom availability program in an inner city public school: Effect on the rates of gonorrhea and Chlamydia infection. J Adolesc Health. 2011; 49 (3): 324-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.011
Sandfort TG, Orr M, Hirsch JS, Santelli J. Long-term health correlates of timing of sexual debut: Results from a national US study. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98(1):155-61 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097444
Kirby, D. Emerging Answers 2007: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy; Washington, DC 2007. [Fecha de consulta: 7 de diciembre del 2011]. Disponible en: https://thenationalcampaign.org/sites/default/files/resource-primary-download/EA2007_full_0.pdf
Rosenbaum JE. Patient teenagers a comparison of the sexual behavior of virginity pledgers and matched non pledgers. Pediatrics. 2009; 123 (1): 110 -120 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0407
Underhill K, Montgomery P, Operario D. Abstinence-plus programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007006. [Fecha de consulta: 7 de diciembre del 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.cochrane. org/CD007006/HIV_abstinence-plus-programs-for-preventing-hiv-infection-in-high-income-countries-as-defined-by-the-world-bank https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007006
Downs JS, Murray PJ, Bruine De Bruin W, Penrose J, Palmgren C, Fischhoff B. Interactive video behavioral intervention to reduce adolescent female's STD risk: A randomized controlled trial. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 59 (8): 1561-1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.032
Kirby D, Barth RP, Leland N, Fetro JV. Reducing the risk: impact of a new curriculum on sexual risk-taking. Fam Plann Perspect. 1991; 23(6):253-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2135776
Caron F, Godin G, Otis J. Evaluation of a theoretically based AIDS/STD peer education program on postponing sexual intercourse and on condom use among adolescents attending high school. Health Education Research. 2004; 19: 185-197 https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg017
Centers for Disease control and prevention. Safer Choices, Adaptation Kit. Tool and Resources for Making Informed Adaptations to Safer Choices: Preventing HIV, Other STD and Pregnancy. ETR Associates. 2011. [Fecha de consulta: Mayo 17 del 2012]. Disponible en: http://pub. etr.org/upfiles/Safer%20Choices_Adaptation_Kit.pdf
Wang L, Davis M, Robin L. Economic Evaluation of Safer Choice. A school based Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Pregnancy Prevention Program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000; 154: 1017-1024. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.10.1017
Coyle K, Basen-Engquist K, Kirby D. Safer choices: reducing teen pregnancy, HIV, and STDs. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116 (1):82-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/116.S1.82
Kirby D, Baumler E, Coyle K. The Safer Choices Intervention: It's Impact on the Sexual Behaviors of Different Subgroups of High School Students. J Adolesc Health. 2004; 35:442-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(04)00071-0
Tortolero SR, Markham CM, Peskin MF, Shegog R, Addy RC, Escobar-Chaves SL et al. It's your game: Keep it real: Delaying sexual behavior with an effective middle school program. J Adolesc Health. 2010; 46: 169-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.008
Gaydos CA, Hsieh JS, Gallbraith M, Barnes G, Waterfield G, Staton B et al. Focus on teens, sexual risk-reduction intervention for high school adolescents: Impact on knowledge, change of risk behaviors, and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. International journal of STI and AIDS. 2008; 19: 704-710 https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2008.007291
Wolfers M, De Zwart O, Kok G. The Systematic Development of ROsafe: An Intervention to Promote STI Testing Among Vocational school students. Health Promot Pract. 2012; 13: 378 https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839910384343
Wolfers M, Kok G, Looman C, De Zwart O, Mackenbach J. Promoting STI testing among senior vocational students in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Effects of a cluster randomized study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11: 937 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-937
Teen Aid inc. Building character and families. [Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.teen-aid.org/default.htm
Teen Aid inc. Evaluation of the Teen-Aid Abstinence-Education program 2005-2006. [Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.teenaid.org/Abstinence_Education/What_Does_Research_Show/IGC_Evaluation.htm
Center of population Options. Cómo planear mi vida. 1990. [Fecha de consulta: 20 de enero de 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/cpmv.pdf
Vigil P, Riquelme R, Rivadeneira R, Aranda W. TeenSTAR: Una opción de madurez y libertad. Programa de educación integral de la sexualidad, orientado a adolescentes. Rev Med Chile. 2005; 133: 1173 - 1182. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872005001000006
Rodríguez J. Política Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva en Colombia. Un reto en vía de superación? Rev CES Salud Pública. 2011; 2 (2): 257-259.
Ministerio de Educación Nacional. Centro virtual de noticias de la educación. Pilotaje del programa de educación sexual y ciudadanía. [Fecha de consulta: 5 de enero de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/cvn/1665/article-140641.html
Mineducación, UNFPA, Universidad de Los Andes-Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Evaluación del programa de educación para la sexualidad y construcción de ciudadanía, informe final. Diciembre 2014. [Fecha de consulta: 11 de noviembre de 2016]. Disponible en: http://fys.uniandes. edu.co/site/.../7-informe-evaluacion-programa-de-educacion-sexual
Protege tu Corazón. [Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo de 2013]. Disponible en: http://www.protegetucorazon.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ Que-es-Protege-tu-corazón.pdf